(Mandarin_(Taiwan)_MFA_dictionary_v2_0_0)=
# Mandarin (Taiwan) MFA dictionary v2.0.0

``````{dictionary} Mandarin (Taiwan) MFA dictionary v2.0.0
:id: "Mandarin (Taiwan) MFA dictionary v2_0_0"
:tags: Mandarin;MFA;IPA
:language: "Mandarin"
:dialect: Taiwan
:layout: mfa
:template: dictionary_template
:phoneset: "MFA"
:license: "CC BY 4.0"

   ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/mandarin/taiwan_mfa/v2.0.0/README.md
    :start-after: "## Dictionary details"
    :end-before: "## Installation"
   ```



``````

```{include} ../../../../dictionary/mandarin/taiwan_mfa/v2.0.0/README.md
:start-after: "new)."
```

## IPA Charts

### Consonants

Obstruent symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

``````{list-table}
:header-rows: 1
:stub-columns: 1
:class: consonant_chart table-striped table-bordered

* - Manner
  - Labial
  - Labiodental
  - Alveolar
  - Retroflex
  - Palatal
  - Velar
  - Glottal
* - {manner}`Nasal`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * m
        * Occurrences: 7105
        * Examples
          * 石決明: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ tɕ ɥ e˧˥ m i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 龍彌你: [l u˧˥ ŋ m i˧˥ n i˨˩˦]
          * 變體假名: [p j e˥˩ n tʰ i˨˩˦ tɕ j a˨˩˦ m i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 流星馬: [l j ow˧˥ ɕ i˥˥ ŋ m a˨˩˦]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * n
        * Occurrences: 39160
        * Examples
          * 烏剋蘭語: [u˥˥ kʰ o˥˩ l a˧˥ n y˨˩˦]
          * 陰莖骨: [i˥˥ n tɕ i˥˥ ŋ k u˨˩˦]
          * 刺五加片: [tsʰ z̩˥˩ u˨˩˦ tɕ j a˥˥ pʰ j e˥˩ n]
          * 大鍵琴: [t a˥˩ tɕ j e˥˩ n tɕʰ i˧˥ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ŋ
        * Occurrences: 30436
        * Examples
          * 石決明: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ tɕ ɥ e˧˥ m i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 陰莖骨: [i˥˥ n tɕ i˥˥ ŋ k u˨˩˦]
          * 豆腐渣工程: [t ow˥˩ f u˩ ʈʂ a˥˥ k u˥˥ ŋ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ]
          * 電正性: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
      * ŋ̍
        * Occurrences: 2
        * Examples
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Stop`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * p
        * Occurrences: 9354
        * Examples
          * 不會吧: [p u˥˩ x w ej˥˩ p a˩]
          * 杜伊斯堡: [t u˥˩ i˥˥ s z̩˥˥ p aw˨˩˦]
          * 熊本熊: [ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ p ə˨˩˦ n ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ]
          * 白雲岩: [p aj˧˥ y˧˥ n j e˧˥ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * t
        * Occurrences: 11030
        * Examples
          * 豆腐渣工程: [t ow˥˩ f u˩ ʈʂ a˥˥ k u˥˥ ŋ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ]
          * 大鍵琴: [t a˥˩ tɕ j e˥˩ n tɕʰ i˧˥ n]
          * 電正性: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
          * 杜伊斯堡: [t u˥˩ i˥˥ s z̩˥˥ p aw˨˩˦]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * k
        * Occurrences: 8160
        * Examples
          * 陰莖骨: [i˥˥ n tɕ i˥˥ ŋ k u˨˩˦]
          * 豆腐渣工程: [t ow˥˩ f u˩ ʈʂ a˥˥ k u˥˥ ŋ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ]
          * 錫林郭勒: [ɕ i˥˥ l i˧˥ n k w o˥˥ l o˥˩]
          * 工聯會: [k u˥˥ ŋ l j e˧˥ n x w ej˥˩]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʔ
        * Occurrences: 3497
        * Examples
          * 富拉爾基: [f u˥˩ l a˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ i˥˥]
          * 阿羅漢: [ʔ a˥˥ l w o˧˥ x a˥˩ n]
          * 卡爾加裏: [kʰ a˨˩˦ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ j a˥˥ l i˨˩˦]
          * 巴彥洪戈爾: [p a˥˥ j e˥˩ n x u˧˥ ŋ k o˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ]
    ```
* - {manner}`Affricate`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ts
        * Occurrences: 5010
        * Examples
          * 天龍座: [tʰ j e˥˥ n l u˧˥ ŋ ts w o˥˩]
          * 連字號: [l j e˧˥ n ts z̩˥˩ x aw˥˩]
          * 操作者: [tsʰ aw˥˥ ts w o˥˩ ʈʂ o˨˩˦]
          * 女真子: [n y˨˩˦ ʈʂ ə˥˥ n ts z̩˨˩˦]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʈʂ
        * Occurrences: 9431
        * Examples
          * 豆腐渣工程: [t ow˥˩ f u˩ ʈʂ a˥˥ k u˥˥ ŋ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ]
          * 電正性: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
          * 癥候群: [ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ x ow˥˩ tɕʰ y˧˥ n]
          * 互質數: [x u˥˩ ʈʂ ʐ̩˥˩ ʂ u˥˩]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * tɕ
        * Occurrences: 13254
        * Examples
          * 石決明: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ tɕ ɥ e˧˥ m i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 陰莖骨: [i˥˥ n tɕ i˥˥ ŋ k u˨˩˦]
          * 刺五加片: [tsʰ z̩˥˩ u˨˩˦ tɕ j a˥˥ pʰ j e˥˩ n]
          * 大鍵琴: [t a˥˩ tɕ j e˥˩ n tɕʰ i˧˥ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Sibilant`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * s
        * Occurrences: 4814
        * Examples
          * 杜伊斯堡: [t u˥˩ i˥˥ s z̩˥˥ p aw˨˩˦]
          * 四方形: [s z̩˥˩ f a˥˥ ŋ ɕ i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 孫王營: [s w ə˥˥ n w a˧˥ ŋ i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 維納斯: [w ej˧˥ n a˥˩ s z̩˥˥]
    * voiced
      * z̩
        * Occurrences: 4182
        * Examples
          * 龜茲文: [tɕʰ j ow˥˥ tsʰ z̩˧˥ w ə˧˥ n]
          * 杜伊斯堡: [t u˥˩ i˥˥ s z̩˥˥ p aw˨˩˦]
          * 紮猛子: [ʈʂ a˥˥ m o˨˩˦ ŋ ts z̩˦]
          * 名詞短語: [m i˧˥ ŋ tsʰ z̩˧˥ t w a˨˩˦ n y˨˩˦]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʂ
        * Occurrences: 12045
        * Examples
          * 石決明: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ tɕ ɥ e˧˥ m i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 半金屬: [p a˥˩ n tɕ i˥˥ n ʂ u˨˩˦]
          * 互質數: [x u˥˩ ʈʂ ʐ̩˥˩ ʂ u˥˩]
          * 臨時工: [l i˧˥ n ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ k u˥˥ ŋ]
    * voiced
      * ʐ
        * Occurrences: 2738
        * Examples
          * 冰島人: [p i˥˥ ŋ t aw˨˩˦ ʐ ə˧˥ n]
          * 視乳頭水腫: [ʂ ʐ̩˥˩ ʐ u˨˩˦ tʰ ow˧˥ ʂ w ej˨˩˦ ʈʂ u˨˩˦ ŋ]
          * 撒瑪黎雅人: [s a˥˥ m a˨˩˦ l i˧˥ j a˨˩˦ ʐ ə˧˥ n]
          * 小綠人: [ɕ j aw˨˩˦ l y˥˩ ʐ ə˧˥ n]
      * ʐ̩
        * Occurrences: 7056
        * Examples
          * 結婚戒指: [tɕ j e˧˥ x w ə˥˥ n tɕ j e˥˩ ʈʂ ʐ̩˩]
          * 計算尺: [tɕ i˥˩ s w a˥˩ n ʈʂʰ ʐ̩˨˩˦]
          * 紙飛機: [ʈʂ ʐ̩˨˩˦ f ej˥˥ tɕ i˥˥]
          * 絲織品: [s z̩˥˥ ʈʂ ʐ̩˥˥ pʰ i˨˩˦ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ɕ
        * Occurrences: 11432
        * Examples
          * 下午好: [ɕ j a˥˩ u˨˩˦ x aw˨˩˦]
          * 電正性: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
          * 錫林郭勒: [ɕ i˥˥ l i˧˥ n k w o˥˥ l o˥˩]
          * 熊本熊: [ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ p ə˨˩˦ n ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Fricative`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * f
        * Occurrences: 5888
        * Examples
          * 豆腐渣工程: [t ow˥˩ f u˩ ʈʂ a˥˥ k u˥˥ ŋ ʈʂʰ o˧˥ ŋ]
          * 富拉爾基: [f u˥˩ l a˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ i˥˥]
          * 四方形: [s z̩˥˩ f a˥˥ ŋ ɕ i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 德納裏峰: [t o˧˥ n a˥˩ l i˨˩˦ f o˥˥ ŋ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Approximant`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * w
        * Occurrences: 22265
        * Examples
          * 龜茲文: [tɕʰ j ow˥˥ tsʰ z̩˧˥ w ə˧˥ n]
          * 不會吧: [p u˥˩ x w ej˥˩ p a˩]
          * 錫林郭勒: [ɕ i˥˥ l i˧˥ n k w o˥˥ l o˥˩]
          * 工聯會: [k u˥˥ ŋ l j e˧˥ n x w ej˥˩]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ɻ
        * Occurrences: 1414
        * Examples
          * 富拉爾基: [f u˥˩ l a˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ i˥˥]
          * 卡爾加裏: [kʰ a˨˩˦ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ j a˥˥ l i˨˩˦]
          * 巴彥洪戈爾: [p a˥˥ j e˥˩ n x u˧˥ ŋ k o˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ]
          * 外甥女兒: [w aj˥˩ ʂ o˩ ŋ n y˨˩˦ ɻ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * j
        * Occurrences: 27399
        * Examples
          * 下午好: [ɕ j a˥˩ u˨˩˦ x aw˨˩˦]
          * 刺五加片: [tsʰ z̩˥˩ u˨˩˦ tɕ j a˥˥ pʰ j e˥˩ n]
          * 大鍵琴: [t a˥˩ tɕ j e˥˩ n tɕʰ i˧˥ n]
          * 電正性: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
      * ɥ
        * Occurrences: 4285
        * Examples
          * 石決明: [ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ tɕ ɥ e˧˥ m i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 參議員: [tsʰ a˥˥ n i˥˩ ɥ e˧˥ n]
          * 半月線: [p a˥˩ n ɥ e˥˩ ɕ j e˥˩ n]
          * 上野原: [ʂ a˥˩ ŋ j e˨˩˦ ɥ e˧˥ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Lateral`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * l
        * Occurrences: 11655
        * Examples
          * 烏剋蘭語: [u˥˥ kʰ o˥˩ l a˧˥ n y˨˩˦]
          * 富拉爾基: [f u˥˩ l a˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ i˥˥]
          * 錫林郭勒: [ɕ i˥˥ l i˧˥ n k w o˥˥ l o˥˩]
          * 工聯會: [k u˥˥ ŋ l j e˧˥ n x w ej˥˩]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
``````


### Vowels

Vowel symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

``````{list-table}
:header-rows: 1
:stub-columns: 1
:class: vowel_chart table-striped table-bordered

* -
  - Front
  - Near-Front
  - Central
  - Near-Back
  - Back
* - Close
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * i
        * Occurrences: 28680
        * Examples
          * 四方形: [s z̩˥˩ f a˥˥ ŋ ɕ i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 不客氣: [p u˥˩ kʰ o˥˩ tɕʰ i˩]
          * 大鍵琴: [t a˥˩ tɕ j e˥˩ n tɕʰ i˧˥ n]
          * 富拉爾基: [f u˥˩ l a˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ tɕ i˥˥]
    * rounded
      * y
        * Occurrences: 5772
        * Examples
          * 愛玉子: [ʔ aj˥˩ y˥˩ ts z̩˨˩˦]
          * 林堡語: [l i˧˥ n p aw˨˩˦ y˨˩˦]
          * 癥候群: [ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ x ow˥˩ tɕʰ y˧˥ n]
          * 老閨女: [l aw˨˩˦ k w ej˥˥ n y˨]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * u
        * Occurrences: 22611
        * Examples
          * 熊本熊: [ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ p ə˨˩˦ n ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ]
          * 豆腐乳: [t ow˥˩ f u˩ ʐ u˨˩˦]
          * 瞧不起: [tɕʰ j aw˧˥ p u˨ tɕʰ i˨˩˦]
          * 下午好: [ɕ j a˥˩ u˨˩˦ x aw˨˩˦]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Close-Mid
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * e
        * Occurrences: 16156
        * Examples
          * 電正性: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
          * 參議員: [tsʰ a˥˥ n i˥˩ ɥ e˧˥ n]
          * 上野原: [ʂ a˥˩ ŋ j e˨˩˦ ɥ e˧˥ n]
          * 大少爺: [t a˥˩ ʂ aw˥˩ j e˩]
      * ej
        * Occurrences: 7724
        * Examples
          * 毀滅性: [x w ej˨˩˦ m j e˥˩ ɕ i˥˩ ŋ]
          * 電吹風: [t j e˥˩ n ʈʂʰ w ej˥˥ f o˥˥ ŋ]
          * 氣纍脖兒: [tɕʰ i˥˩ l ej˩ p w o˧˥ ɻ]
          * 迴迴教: [x w ej˧˥ x w ej˨ tɕ j aw˥˩]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * o
        * Occurrences: 19882
        * Examples
          * 巴彥洪戈爾: [p a˥˥ j e˥˩ n x u˧˥ ŋ k o˥˥ ʔ o˨˩˦ ɻ]
          * 外甥媳婦: [w aj˥˩ ʂ o˩ ŋ ɕ i˧˥ f u˥˩]
          * 夫妻老婆店: [f u˥˥ tɕʰ i˥˥ l aw˨˩˦ pʰ w o˦ t j e˥˩ n]
          * 老太婆: [l aw˨˩˦ tʰ aj˥˩ pʰ w o˧˥]
      * ow
        * Occurrences: 7947
        * Examples
          * 癥候群: [ʈʂ o˥˩ ŋ x ow˥˩ tɕʰ y˧˥ n]
          * 小時候: [ɕ j aw˨˩˦ ʂ ʐ̩˧˥ x ow˨]
          * 龜茲文: [tɕʰ j ow˥˥ tsʰ z̩˧˥ w ə˧˥ n]
          * 流星馬: [l j ow˧˥ ɕ i˥˥ ŋ m a˨˩˦]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ə
        * Occurrences: 7328
        * Examples
          * 孫王營: [s w ə˥˥ n w a˧˥ ŋ i˧˥ ŋ]
          * 德纍斯頓: [t o˧˥ l ej˨˩˦ s z̩˥˥ t w ə˥˩ n]
          * 熊本熊: [ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ p ə˨˩˦ n ɕ j u˧˥ ŋ]
          * 龜茲文: [tɕʰ j ow˥˥ tsʰ z̩˧˥ w ə˧˥ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Open-Mid
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Open
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * a
        * Occurrences: 36127
        * Examples
          * 大鍵琴: [t a˥˩ tɕ j e˥˩ n tɕʰ i˧˥ n]
          * 南威島: [n a˧˥ n w ej˥˥ t aw˨˩˦]
          * 月亮湖: [ɥ e˥˩ l j a˩ ŋ x u˧˥]
          * 刺五加片: [tsʰ z̩˥˩ u˨˩˦ tɕ j a˥˥ pʰ j e˥˩ n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
``````


#### Diphthongs

* {ipa_inline}`aj`
* {ipa_inline}`aw`
* {ipa_inline}`ej`
* {ipa_inline}`ow`

#### Tones

* {ipa_inline}`˥˥`
* {ipa_inline}`˥˩`
* {ipa_inline}`˦`
* {ipa_inline}`˧˥`
* {ipa_inline}`˨`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˩˦`
* {ipa_inline}`˩`